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A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on a molecular level. The constituent of the mixture present in a smaller amount is called the solute and the one present in a larger amount is called the solvent. Concentration of Solution Osmotic Pressure Osmotic Pressure is the best colligative property to determine the molecular weight of non-volatile substances. Types of Solutions Fluids in the body generally aren’t found in pure forms. They are usually found in three types of solutions: isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. Isotonic solutions –  An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as another solution. Hypotonic solution –  A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than another solution. Hypertonic solution –  A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than another solution. Van’t Hoff Correction Factor To explain the abnormal values of colligative properties and consequently molecular masses a correction factor kn...

Chemical kinetics  is the study of the rate at which chemical reactions occur. It helps us understand the factors affecting these rates, the mechanism of the reaction, and the sequence of events that lead to the formation of products. Rate of a Chemical Reaction Rate of Reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time. Where: [A] is the concentration of reactant A. a is the stoichiometric coefficient of A in the balanced chemical equation. Graphically, the rate is represented by the negative of slope of the concentration vs. time graph for reactants, and the positive slope for products. Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction Concentration of Reactants:  Rate usually increases with increasing concentration. Temperature:  Typically, rate increases with temperature. Presence of Catalyst:  Catalysts can increase the rate. Surface Area:  Especially in solid reactions, greater surface area can lead to faster rates. Pressure:  Especially ...

  Current and Electricity Formulas 1. Current I = neAV d The number of free electrons per unit volume is denoted by n. A is the cross-sectional area. The electron’s charge is denoted by the letter e. V d  is the drift velocity. 2. Current Density j = i/A = σE i is the current The letter A represents the cross-sectional area. The electric density is denoted by E. σ is the conductivity. 3. Wire resistance R =ρl/A, where ρ=1/σ ρ is the resistivity σ is the conductivity. 4. Temperature dependence of resistance R=R 0 (1+ αΔT) R 0  is the original resistance R is the resistance at temperature T α is the temperature coefficient of resistance. 5. Ohm’s law V=IR The voltage is represented by the letter V. I is the current R stands for resistance. 6. Kirchhoff’s Law (i) Junction Law: The algebraic total of all currents flowing into a node is zero. i.e., ∑ node  I i =0. (ii) The Loop Law: In a circuit, the algebraic total of all potential differences in a closed loop is zero. i...

Electrostatics is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the study of electric charges at rest. It plays a crucial role in various engineering and science fields, and a strong understanding of electrostatics is essential for JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) aspirants. In this article, we will explore some of the most important electrostatics formulas that you should be familiar with to excel in your JEE preparations. 1. Coulomb's Law Coulomb's Law describes the electrostatic force between two point charges. It is one of the foundational principles of electrostatics and is mathematically expressed as: F = k * (|q1 * q2|) / r^2 Where: F is the magnitude of the electrostatic force. k is the electrostatic constant, approximately equal to 8.99 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2. q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the two point charges. r is the separation distance between the two charges. 2. Electric Field (E) The electric field at a point in space is the force experienced by a unit positive tes...